Originally created by hand

mild bulb manufacturing is now practically completely automated. Initial, the filament is manufactured making use of a procedure known as drawing, in which tungsten is blended having a binder materials and pulLED Writing Board by means of a die (a shaped orifice) right into a high-quality wire. Subsequent, the wire is wound around a steel bar named Writing Board a mandrel in order to mildew it into its appropriate coiLED Writing Board form, after which it is actually heated inside a process referred to as annealing, softening the wire and makes its construction more uniform. The mandrel is then dissolved in acid.
Second, the coiLED Writing Board filament is connected for the lead-in wires. The lead-in wires have hooks at their ends that are both pressed over the finish of the filament or, in larger bulbs, spot-welded.
Third, the glass bulbs or casings are developed utilizing a ribbon machine. Following heating inside a furnace, a constant ribbon of glass moves alongside a conveyor belt. Exactly aligned air nozzles blow the glass via holes within the conveyor belt into molds, developing the casings. A ribbon device relocating at leading pace can produce extra than 50,000 bulbs for each hour. After the casings are blown, they are cooLED Writing Board after which minimize off with the ribbon machine. Next, the within of the bulb is coated with silica to get rid of the glare caused by a glowing, uncovered filament. The label and wattage are then stamped onto the outside top of every single casing.
Fourth, the base of the bulb is also manufactured utilizing molds. It can be made with indentations in the shape of the screw to ensure that it might simply fit into the socket of a mild fixture.
Fifth, when the filament, base, and bulb are made, they are fitted together by devices. Initially, the filament is mounted for the stem assembly, with its ends clamped to the two lead-in wires. Subsequent, the air within the bulb is evacuated, along with the casing is filled Writing Board using the argon and nitrogen mixture.
Finally, the base as well as the bulb are seaLED Writing Board. The base slides onto the finish with the glass bulb such that no other material is required to keep them together. Instead, their conforming styles allow the 2 pieces to be held with each other snugly, using the lead-in wires touching the aluminum base to make certain correct electrical get in touch with. After testing, bulbs are positioned within their packages and shipped to buyers.   www.bgocled.com

How LED Writing Board Mild Bulbs Are Produced

One-hundred-and-thirty years in the past, Thomas Edison accomplished the first prosperous sustained check with the incandescent light bulb. With some incremental enhancements alongside the way, Edison’s basic technologies has lit the world ever because. This is about to alter. We are on the cusp of a semiconductor-based lights revolution that may eventually swap Edison’s bulbs having a far a lot more energy-efficient lights answer. Solid state LED Writing Board lights will ultimately exchange almost all the countless billions of incandescent and fluorescent lights in use around the world these days. The fact is, as a step along this path, President Obama last June unveiLED Writing Board new, stricter lights standards that may support the phasing from incandescent bulbs (which currently are banned in components of Europe).
To recognize just how groundbreaking LED Writing Board mild bulbs are in addition to why they are still costly, it can be instructive to have a look at how they are manufactured and to evaluate this for the manufacture of incandescent mild bulbs. This write-up explores how incandescent mild bulbs are produced and then contrasts that procedure having a description of the typical production process for LED Writing Board mild bulbs.
So, let’s begin by taking a take a look at how standard incandescent light bulbs are made. You will come across that this can be a classic instance of an automated industrial method refined in above a century of encounter.
While individual incandescent light bulb types vary in size and wattage, all of them have the 3 simple components: the filament, the bulb, along with the base. The filament is made of tungsten. While pretty fragile, tungsten filaments can stand up to temperatures of four,500 degrees Fahrenheit and above. The connecting or lead-in wires are ordinarily produced of nickel-iron wire. This wire is dipped into a borax remedy to create the wire far more adherent to glass. The bulb by itself is produced of glass and contains a combination of gases, typically argon and nitrogen, which increase the living of the filament. Air is pumped out with the bulb and replaced using the gases. A standardized base retains the whole assembly in spot. The base is known as the “Edison screw base.” Aluminum is used on the outdoors and glass utilised to insulate the within with the base.   www.bgocled.com

Wind power turbines in Altamont Pass threaten protected birds

Scores of protected golden eagles have been dying each year after colliding with the blades of about 5,000 wind turbines along the ridgelines of the Bay Area’s Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, raising troubling questions about the state’s push for alternative power sources.

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  Graphic: Altamont Pass
  
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  Photo: Tracking
  

The death count, averaging 67 a year for three decades, worries field biologists because the turbines, which have been providing thousands of homes with emissions-free electricity since the 1980s, lie within a region of rolling grasslands and riparian canyons containing one of the highest densities of nesting golden eagles in the United States.
“It would take 167 pairs of local nesting golden eagles to produce enough young to compensate for their mortality rate related to wind energy production,” said field biologist Doug Bell, manager of East Bay Regional Park District’s wildlife program. “We only have 60 pairs.”
The fate of the Bay Area’s golden eagles highlights the complex issues facing wildlife authorities, wind turbine companies and regulatory agencies as they promote renewable energy development in the Altamont Pass and across the nation and adds urgency to efforts to make the technology safer for wildlife, including bats, thousands of which are killed each year by wind turbines.
Gov. Jerry Brown in April signed into law a mandate that a third of the electricity used in California come from renewable sources, including wind and solar, by 2020. The new law is the most aggressive of any state.
The development and delivery of renewable energy is also one of the highest priorities of the Interior Department, which recently proposed voluntary guidelines for the sighting and operation of wind farms. Environmental organizations led by the American Bird Conservancy had called for mandatory standards.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service authorizes limited incidental mortality and disturbance of eagles at wind facilities, provided the operators take measures to mitigate the losses by replacing older turbines with newer models that are meant to be less hazardous to birds, removing turbines located in the paths of hunting raptors and turning off certain turbines during periods of heavy bird migration. So far, no wind energy company has been prosecuted by federal wildlife authorities in connection with the death of birds protected by the Migratory Bird Act, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act or the federal Endangered Species Act.
The survival of the Bay Area’s golden eagles may depend on data gathered by trapping and banding and then monitoring their behavior in the wilds and in wind farms.
On a recent weekday, Bell shinnied up the gnarled branches of an old oak to a bathtub-sized golden eagle nest overlooking a canyon about 25 miles south of Altamont Pass.
Two fluffy white and black chicks, blinked and hissed nervously as he scooped them up and placed them into cloth sacks. He attached the sacks to a rope and delicately lowered them 45 feet to the ground.
“As adults, these birds could eventually wind up anywhere in the Western United States or Mexico — that is, if they live that long,” Bell said.
With field biologist Joe DiDonato, he banded the birds’ legs and recorded their vital statistics in a journal that chronicles more than a decade of raptor research in the region. The message is a grim one.
Each year, about 2,000 raptors are killed in the Altamont Pass by wind turbines, according to on-site surveys conducted by field biologists. The toll, however, could be higher because bird carcasses are quickly removed by scavengers.
Environmentalists have persuaded the energy industry and federal authorities — often through litigation — to modify the size, shape and placement of wind turbines. Last year, five local Audubon chapters, the California attorney general’s office and Californians for Renewable Energy reached an agreement with NextEra Energy Resources to expedite the replacement of its old wind turbines in the Altamont Pass with new, taller models less likely to harm birds such as golden eagles and burrowing owls that tend to fly low.
The neighboring Buena Vista Wind Energy Project recently replaced 179 aging wind turbines with 38 newer and more powerful 1-megawatt turbines. That repowering effort has reduced fatality rates by 79% for all raptor species and 50% for golden eagles, according to a study by Shawn Smallwood, an expert on raptor ecology in wind farms.
It remains unclear, however, whether such mega-turbines would produce similar results elsewhere, or reduce fatalities among bats.
Nationwide, about 440,000 birds are killed at wind farms each year, according to the Fish and Wildlife Service. The American Wind Energy Assn., an industry lobbying group, points out that far more birds are killed each year by collisions with radio towers, tall buildings, airplanes, vehicles and in encounters with hungry household cats.
And while “there’s quite a bit of growth to come in wind energy development, it won’t be popping up everywhere,” said attorney Allan Marks, who specializes in the development of renewable energy projects. “That is because you can only build these machines where the wind is blowing. So a lot of the new development will be replacing old facilities in areas such as Cabazon, the Tehachapi Mountains and Altamont Pass.”
Nonetheless, the generating facilities will continue to threaten federally protected species such as eagles and California condors, a successfully recovered species that is expanding its range into existing and proposed wind farms in Kern and Fresno counties.
NextEra Energy’s proposed North Sky River Project calls for 102 wind turbines across 12,582 acres on the east flank of the Piute Mountains, about 17 miles northeast of the Tehachapis. A risk assessment of that project warned that condors spend considerable time soaring within the potential rotor-swept heights of modern wind turbines, which are more than 200 feet tall. It also pointed out that condor roosts are as close as 25 miles away.
“We taxpayers have spent millions of dollars saving the California condor from extinction,” said Gary George, spokesman for Audubon California. “How’s the public going to feel about wind energy if a condor hits the turbines?”
In the meantime, raptors such as golden eagles, American kestrels, red-tail hawks and prairie falcons continue to compete with wind turbines for their share of the winds blowing from the southwest through the Altamont Pass.
Golden eagles weigh about 14 pounds, stand up to 40 inches tall and are equipped with large hooked bills and ice-pick talons. Their flight behavior and size make it difficult for them to maneuver through forests of wind turbine towers, especially when distracted by the sight of prey animals such as ground squirrels and rabbits.
“The eagles usually die of blunt-force trauma injuries,” Bell said. “Once, I discovered a wounded golden eagle hobbling through tall grass, about a quarter mile from the turbine blades that had clipped its flight feathers.”
As he spoke, an adult male golden eagle glided a few yards above the contours of Buena Vista’s sloped grasslands, prowling for prey. It floated up and over a rise, narrowly evading turbine blades as it followed the tantalizing sight of a ground squirrel scurrying through the brush.
Bell sighed with relief. “A wind farm owner once told me that if there were no witnesses, it would be impossible to prove a bird had been killed by a wind turbine blade,” he said. “My response was this: If you see a golden eagle sliced in half in a wind farm, what other explanation is there?”    www.bgocled.com

Minister to NP: Deal with debtors as you normally do

Energy Minster Carolyn Seepersad-Bachan said she was aware the service station linked to her Cabinet colleague, Arts and Multiculturalism Minister Winston Peters, owed $1 million to State-owned National Petroleum and advised Peters to “clear up the issue”.
Seepersad-Bachan, who returned from an official trip to Cairo, Egypt, on Saturday night, said the Neil Gosine-led board of directors informed her as a “matter of courtesy” that her Ministerial colleague accrued a million-dollar debt earlier this year.
Seepersad-Bachan attended the 12th Ministerial meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and sits as the alternate president of the group.
In a telephone interview yesterday, the Energy Minister said she never instructed the board to conceal or cover up the issue, but instead told them to carry out the normal methods of recovering funds from delinquent dealers. “Let’s be clear. I cannot instruct the board on any issue, so I told them to do what they normally do to recover the money from any dealer,” she said.
She said to her knowledge, this lack of payment between the (Winston and Marva) WM Peters and Sons gas station, located in Couva, and NP was “several years old”.
“It is actually the new board, under the new Government, that took action to recover the money and finalise the situation,” she said.
“It is not under my purview to recover funds for NP. That is a board and management decision. How can I get involved in debt recovery?” she asked.
In a Sunday Express investigative report, NP board minutes revealed that February 11, a directive was given to issue a final letter to WM Peters and Sons service station, giving them seven days to clear the debt and threatening to take further action.
Asked why the instructions to deliver a “final letter” to force settlement was never carried out as the story claimed, Seepersad-Bachan said that it was. She said the final letter demanding settlement was sent to the gas station, but she could not say when.
“And NP did receive a reply from the station. As I understand it, the owners queried the amount owed and now the two parties are trying to resolve the dispute over the final figure,” she said.
She said there a critical issue regarding the a malfunctioning gauge, a Veeder-Root gas meter, which measures the volume of fuel delivered and sold at the service station.
“I am not trying to take up for anyone, but as I understand it, there is a question about just how much money is actually owed,” Seepersad-Bachan said.
The Minister said a Veeder-Root gas meter was installed and maintained by NP at the service station and if there were any discrepancies between the deliveries and the sales, the service station was well within its rights to query the issue.
Bobby Ramlochan, acting chief executive officer at NP, said yesterday the Veeder-Root system was now being compared to their “dip” check logs, where metal rods measure the fuel delivered by tankers to help balance the discrepancy in figures.
“If we checked the tankers here and it had, say, $40,000 worth of fuel, her (Marva Peters’s) Veeder-Root meter was only reading a portion of that and that went on for six years,” he said.
He said the discrepancy was only discovered late last year when the new board carried out an audit.
Ramlochan said NP did not stop deliveries to that station when the discrepancy surfaced because once a station had a dispute with the company, NP would extend a line of credit to compensate for outstanding payments until the issue was resolved.
“If you have a disputed balance, you will get time to work it out,” he said in a telephone interview. He said the board met with Peters twice and was currently reconciling their figures with the station’s owner. “It is not that she didn’t pay, it is not that she got extra credit,” he said.
Ramlochan said this was strictly a board and management issue and there was no reason for the Energy Minister to get involved.
“This should not have even reached to the Minister. She has no authority to instruct the board to do anything about collecting payments,” he said.
In April, former chief executive officer Richard Callender was dismissed for allegedly extending a multi-million dollar credit facility to a single station in South Trinidad. Seepersad-Bachan said the Peters issue is “completely different” from the Callender issue.
She said in that issue, there had to be a “system over-ride” to allow for that line of credit to continue, while this issue was being sorted out and could be cleared up soon. Ramlochan said there is one more meeting planned to sort out the discrepancy and the outstanding payments would be cleared up “soon”.
Repeated attempts to contact both Minister Peters and his wife, Marva, who operates the station, were unsuccessful.      www.bgocled.com